Write examples¶

In [1]:

# Useful for debugging
%load_ext autoreload
%autoreload 2

# Useful for debugging %load_ext autoreload %autoreload 2

In [2]:

from pmd_beamphysics import ParticleGroup, pmd_init
from h5py import File
import os

from pmd_beamphysics import ParticleGroup, pmd_init from h5py import File import os

In [3]:

# Pick one:

# H5File = 'data/bmad_particles2.h5'
H5FILE = "data/distgen_particles.h5"
# H5FILE = 'data/astra_particles.h5'

P = ParticleGroup(H5FILE)

# Pick one: # H5File = 'data/bmad_particles2.h5' H5FILE = "data/distgen_particles.h5" # H5FILE = 'data/astra_particles.h5' P = ParticleGroup(H5FILE)

openPMD¶

The regular write routine writes in a proper openPMD format

In [4]:

P.write("openpmd_particles.h5")

P.write("openpmd_particles.h5")

An open h5 hande can also be used, but it needs to be properly initialized

In [5]:

with File("openpmd_particles.h5", "w") as h5:
    pmd_init(h5, basePath="/", particlesPath="/")
    P.write(h5)

with File("openpmd_particles.h5", "w") as h5: pmd_init(h5, basePath="/", particlesPath="/") P.write(h5)

This can be read in by another ParticleGroup

In [6]:

P2 = ParticleGroup("openpmd_particles.h5")

P2 = ParticleGroup("openpmd_particles.h5")

Check that they are the same:

In [7]:

P2 == P

P2 == P

Out[7]:

True

Astra¶

In [8]:

P.write_astra("astra_particles.txt")

P.write_astra("astra_particles.txt")

In [9]:

!head astra_particles.txt

!head astra_particles.txt

 -1.289814080985e-05   1.712192978919e-05   0.000000000000e+00  -9.245284702413e-01  -3.316650265292e+00   2.210558337183e+02   1.819664001274e-05   0.000000000000e+00    1    5
 -1.184861337727e-03  -2.101371437059e-03   0.000000000000e+00  -3.047044656318e+02  -3.039342419008e+02  -1.005645891013e+02  -9.745607002167e-04   1.000000000000e-06    1    5
 -5.181307340245e-04  -2.178353405029e-03   0.000000000000e+00   5.525456229648e+02   2.416723877028e+02  -6.554342847563e+01   1.280843753434e-03   1.000000000000e-06    1    5
 -1.773501610902e-03   2.864979597813e-03   0.000000000000e+00  -2.226004747820e+02   9.450238076106e+00  -1.055085411491e+02   3.835366744569e-04   1.000000000000e-06    1    5
  1.686555815999e-03  -2.401048305081e-04   0.000000000000e+00  -1.891692499417e+02   4.859547751754e+01   3.339263495319e+02   1.902998338336e-03   1.000000000000e-06    1    5
 -7.779454935491e-04  -6.800063114796e-04   0.000000000000e+00   6.716138938638e+01  -2.064173000222e+02  -1.405963302134e+02   1.779005092730e-04   1.000000000000e-06    1    5
 -2.593702199590e-03  -2.301030494125e-03   0.000000000000e+00  -1.455653402031e+01   2.074634953296e+02  -1.397453142110e+02   1.368567098305e-03   1.000000000000e-06    1    5
  1.997801509161e-03   2.648416193086e-03   0.000000000000e+00  -2.124047726665e+00  -6.792723569247e+01   6.931081537770e+01   2.616497721112e-04   1.000000000000e-06    1    5
  1.999741847023e-03  -6.945690451493e-04   0.000000000000e+00  -9.991142908925e+01  -9.189412445573e+01   2.259539675809e+02  -8.681109991004e-04   1.000000000000e-06    1    5
 -7.033822974359e-04  -5.677746866954e-04   0.000000000000e+00   7.520962264129e+02   3.125940718167e+02  -1.451032665210e+02   4.315191990002e-04   1.000000000000e-06    1    5

Check the readback:

In [10]:

from pmd_beamphysics.interfaces.astra import parse_astra_phase_file
import numpy as np

P1 = ParticleGroup(data=parse_astra_phase_file("astra_particles.txt"))
for k in ["x", "px", "y", "py", "z", "pz"]:
    assert np.allclose(P[k], P1[k])

from pmd_beamphysics.interfaces.astra import parse_astra_phase_file import numpy as np P1 = ParticleGroup(data=parse_astra_phase_file("astra_particles.txt")) for k in ["x", "px", "y", "py", "z", "pz"]: assert np.allclose(P[k], P1[k])

Bmad ASCII¶

In [11]:

P.write_bmad("bmad_particles.txt")

P.write_bmad("bmad_particles.txt")

In [12]:

!head bmad_particles.txt

!head bmad_particles.txt

!ASCII::3
0 ! ix_ele, not used
1 ! n_bunch
10000 ! n_particle
BEGIN_BUNCH
electron
1.0000000000000003e-11  ! bunch_charge
0 ! z_center
0 ! t_center
 -1.184861337727e-03  -3.047044656318e+02  -2.101371437059e-03  -3.039342419008e+02  -9.563640602039e-13   1.204912446170e+02   1.000000000000e-15  1

Bmad dict¶

In [13]:

P.to_bmad()

P.to_bmad()

Out[13]:

{'x': array([-0.00118486, -0.00051813, -0.0017735 , ..., -0.00052658,
         0.00252813,  0.00113815]),
 'y': array([-0.00210137, -0.00217835,  0.00286498, ..., -0.00161154,
         0.00160049, -0.0010351 ]),
 'px': array([-0.69011879,  1.25144906, -0.50416317, ...,  0.60249121,
         0.505233  ,  0.74928061]),
 'py': array([-0.68837433,  0.54735875,  0.02140365, ..., -0.07882388,
         0.29433475, -0.25918357]),
 'z': array([ 2.55529374e-07, -4.68009162e-07, -5.64739756e-08, ...,
        -9.69805227e-09,  4.20165276e-07,  2.70278113e-07]),
 'pz': array([ 0.01222356,  0.41059669, -0.4315584 , ..., -0.3093279 ,
         0.02463904,  0.08781142]),
 'charge': array([1.e-15, 1.e-15, 1.e-15, ..., 1.e-15, 1.e-15, 1.e-15]),
 'species': 'electron',
 'p0c': np.float64(441.52466167250947),
 'tref': np.float64(1.8196640012738955e-14),
 'state': array([1, 1, 1, ..., 1, 1, 1])}

Check that the conversion preserves information. Note that == uses np.allclose, because there is roundoff error in the conversion.

In [14]:

assert P == P.from_bmad(P.to_bmad())

assert P == P.from_bmad(P.to_bmad())

elegant¶

In [15]:

P.write_elegant("elegant_particles.txt", verbose=True)

P.write_elegant("elegant_particles.txt", verbose=True)

writing 10000 particles to elegant_particles.txt

In [16]:

!head -n 20 elegant_particles.txt

!head -n 20 elegant_particles.txt

SDDS1
!
! Created using the openPMD-beamphysics Python package
! https://github.com/ChristopherMayes/openPMD-beamphysics
! species: electron
!
&parameter name=Charge, type=double, units=C, description="total charge in Coulombs" &end
&column name=t,  type=double, units=s, description="time in seconds" &end
&column name=x,  type=double, units=m, description="x in meters" &end
&column name=xp, type=double, description="px/pz" &end
&column name=y,  type=double, units=m, description="y in meters" &end
&column name=yp, type=double, description="py/pz" &end
&column name=p,  type=double, units="m$be$nc", description="relativistic gamma*beta" &end
&data mode=ascii &end
1.0000000000000003e-11
10000
 -9.563640602039e-13  -1.184861337727e-03  -2.528851507845e+00  -2.101371437059e-03  -2.522459145201e+00   8.746038816275e-04
  1.299040393447e-12  -5.181307340245e-04   3.553064606663e+00  -2.178353405029e-03   1.554039289185e+00   1.218815083118e-03
  4.017333144697e-13  -1.773501610902e-03  -1.926488019169e+00   2.864979597813e-03   8.178675472159e-02   4.911575370556e-04
  1.921194978349e-12   1.686555815999e-03  -3.408564376497e-01  -2.401048305081e-04   8.756222989528e-02   1.151365621035e-03

Genesis 1.3 v2¶

In [17]:

P.write_genesis2_beam_file("genesis2.beam", n_slice=50, verbose=True)

P.write_genesis2_beam_file("genesis2.beam", n_slice=50, verbose=True)

Beam written: genesis2.beam

In [18]:

!head genesis2.beam

!head genesis2.beam

? VERSION=1.0
? SIZE=50
? COLUMNS TPOS CURPEAK GAMMA0 DELGAM EMITX EMITY RXBEAM RYBEAM XBEAM YBEAM PXBEAM PYBEAM ALPHAX ALPHAY
-1.96236040e-12 2.75359318e+00 1.00000042e+00 3.87022121e-07 1.19639887e-06 9.26536586e-07 2.04948080e-03 1.83621527e-03 -2.06231144e-04 5.85738124e-05 1.38209180e-05 4.17553934e-05 -1.01973407e-02 7.54079832e-04
-1.88646733e-12 2.46723994e+00 1.00000043e+00 3.39783124e-07 1.04698472e-06 1.03470799e-06 2.05064183e-03 1.92139881e-03 -2.53107201e-05 -1.13678787e-04 -2.85190907e-05 -2.90105675e-05 -2.32400675e-02 -2.55583997e-03
-1.80734757e-12 2.61898031e+00 1.00000043e+00 3.65257967e-07 9.78086023e-07 1.03038032e-06 1.97065976e-03 1.88550433e-03 -7.56576638e-05 1.77044304e-04 -4.48907172e-05 6.98821769e-05 5.38708456e-03 4.70844009e-03
-1.72583745e-12 2.30361285e+00 1.00000043e+00 3.43343193e-07 9.42099457e-07 1.07137205e-06 1.90156644e-03 1.92054974e-03 4.82559113e-05 -6.43105052e-05 1.66595205e-05 1.33986604e-05 9.16890850e-02 8.20635086e-03
-1.64047654e-12 2.48779835e+00 1.00000043e+00 3.76740497e-07 1.12901501e-06 1.01496464e-06 2.07085748e-03 1.84284581e-03 -2.63780641e-04 2.16425678e-05 9.07228824e-06 -2.65046022e-05 1.91567484e-03 3.63234933e-03
-1.55820367e-12 2.33273410e+00 1.00000041e+00 3.38657590e-07 9.79796547e-07 1.04648255e-06 1.84685458e-03 1.99189484e-03 3.36520774e-05 1.02123362e-04 3.01402301e-06 6.13937003e-05 -7.84493116e-02 2.84788841e-02
-1.47800120e-12 2.62363489e+00 1.00000044e+00 3.34570582e-07 1.12580877e-06 1.08628803e-06 1.97095399e-03 2.02149469e-03 -1.94415715e-04 -1.05666747e-04 -1.70675102e-05 -5.61809635e-06 -1.81522208e-01 -5.08353286e-03

Genesis 1.3 v4¶

beam file (slice statistics)¶

In [19]:

input_str = P.write_genesis4_beam(
    "genesis4_beam.h5", n_slice=123, verbose=True, return_input_str=True
)

input_str = P.write_genesis4_beam( "genesis4_beam.h5", n_slice=123, verbose=True, return_input_str=True )

Genesis4 beam file written: genesis4_beam.h5

This string is optionally returned for use in the main Genesis4 input file:

In [20]:

print(input_str)

print(input_str)

&profile_file
  label = current
  xdata = genesis4_beam.h5/t
  ydata = genesis4_beam.h5/current
  isTime = T
  reverse = T
&end
&profile_file
  label = gamma
  xdata = genesis4_beam.h5/t
  ydata = genesis4_beam.h5/gamma
  isTime = T
  reverse = T
&end
&profile_file
  label = delgam
  xdata = genesis4_beam.h5/t
  ydata = genesis4_beam.h5/delgam
  isTime = T
  reverse = T
&end
&profile_file
  label = ex
  xdata = genesis4_beam.h5/t
  ydata = genesis4_beam.h5/ex
  isTime = T
  reverse = T
&end
&profile_file
  label = ey
  xdata = genesis4_beam.h5/t
  ydata = genesis4_beam.h5/ey
  isTime = T
  reverse = T
&end
&profile_file
  label = xcenter
  xdata = genesis4_beam.h5/t
  ydata = genesis4_beam.h5/xcenter
  isTime = T
  reverse = T
&end
&profile_file
  label = ycenter
  xdata = genesis4_beam.h5/t
  ydata = genesis4_beam.h5/ycenter
  isTime = T
  reverse = T
&end
&profile_file
  label = pxcenter
  xdata = genesis4_beam.h5/t
  ydata = genesis4_beam.h5/pxcenter
  isTime = T
  reverse = T
&end
&profile_file
  label = pycenter
  xdata = genesis4_beam.h5/t
  ydata = genesis4_beam.h5/pycenter
  isTime = T
  reverse = T
&end
&profile_file
  label = alphax
  xdata = genesis4_beam.h5/t
  ydata = genesis4_beam.h5/alphax
  isTime = T
  reverse = T
&end
&profile_file
  label = alphay
  xdata = genesis4_beam.h5/t
  ydata = genesis4_beam.h5/alphay
  isTime = T
  reverse = T
&end
&profile_file
  label = betax
  xdata = genesis4_beam.h5/t
  ydata = genesis4_beam.h5/betax
  isTime = T
  reverse = T
&end
&profile_file
  label = betay
  xdata = genesis4_beam.h5/t
  ydata = genesis4_beam.h5/betay
  isTime = T
  reverse = T
&end
&beam
  current = @current
  gamma = @gamma
  delgam = @delgam
  ex = @ex
  ey = @ey
  xcenter = @xcenter
  ycenter = @ycenter
  pxcenter = @pxcenter
  pycenter = @pycenter
  alphax = @alphax
  alphay = @alphay
  betax = @betax
  betay = @betay
&end

These are the datasets written:

In [21]:

with File("genesis4_beam.h5", "r") as h5:
    for g in h5:
        print(g, len(h5[g]), h5[g].attrs["unitSymbol"])

with File("genesis4_beam.h5", "r") as h5: for g in h5: print(g, len(h5[g]), h5[g].attrs["unitSymbol"])

alphax 123 
alphay 123 
betax 123 m
betay 123 m
current 123 A
delgam 123 
ex 123 m
ey 123 m
gamma 123 
pxcenter 123 
pycenter 123 
t 123 s
xcenter 123 m
ycenter 123 m

Distribution file (particles)¶

In [22]:

P.write_genesis4_distribution("genesis4_distribution.h5", verbose=True)

P.write_genesis4_distribution("genesis4_distribution.h5", verbose=True)

Datasets x, xp, y, yp, t, p written to: genesis4_distribution.h5

This is what is written:

In [23]:

with File("genesis4_distribution.h5", "r") as h5:
    for g in h5:
        print(g, len(h5[g]))

with File("genesis4_distribution.h5", "r") as h5: for g in h5: print(g, len(h5[g]))

p 10000
t 10000
x 10000
xp 10000
y 10000
yp 10000

GPT ASCII¶

In [24]:

P.write_gpt("gpt_particles.txt", verbose=True)

P.write_gpt("gpt_particles.txt", verbose=True)

writing 10000 particles to gpt_particles.txt
ASCII particles written. Convert to GDF using: asci2df -o particles.gdf gpt_particles.txt

In [25]:

if os.path.exists(os.path.expandvars("$ASCI2GDF_BIN")):
    P.write_gpt("gpt_particles.gdf", verbose=True, asci2gdf_bin="$ASCI2GDF_BIN")

if os.path.exists(os.path.expandvars("$ASCI2GDF_BIN")): P.write_gpt("gpt_particles.gdf", verbose=True, asci2gdf_bin="$ASCI2GDF_BIN")

In [26]:

#!head gpt_particles.txt

#!head gpt_particles.txt

Impact-T¶

Impact-T particles must all be a the same time:

In [27]:

P.drift_to_t(P["mean_t"])

P.drift_to_t(P["mean_t"])

This will return settings for Impact-T to use:

In [28]:

P.write_impact("impact_particles.txt")

P.write_impact("impact_particles.txt")

Out[28]:

{'input_particle_file': 'impact_particles.txt',
 'Np': 10000,
 'Tini': np.float64(1.8196640012738955e-14),
 'Flagimg': 0}

In [29]:

!head impact_particles.txt

!head impact_particles.txt

10000
-1.185035553808772143e-03 -5.962917646539026830e-04 -2.101545212762252063e-03 -5.947844744118675406e-04 6.889138464881934423e-08 2.357954837617718942e-04
-5.185459410277813361e-04 1.081304810831444467e-03 -2.178535008255722601e-03 4.729410651485857963e-04 -1.168588385748075652e-07 3.043301854978374224e-04
-1.773451522909312962e-03 -4.356182625855454594e-04 2.864977471386669170e-03 1.849365458795189412e-05 -2.599963881922582336e-08 2.261204109504710640e-04
1.686767013783966630e-03 -3.701949875665073173e-04 -2.401590848712557098e-04 9.509897724357652376e-05 -6.196091998406064887e-07 1.086073040365844247e-03
-7.779525032181127363e-04 1.314315604491483489e-04 -6.799847675988795461e-04 -4.039485795854574836e-04 -8.397600117458311948e-09 1.574553206124528761e-04
-2.593690512006350136e-03 -2.848642647956871966e-05 -2.301197068594195913e-03 4.059959327304890142e-04 -6.528501143099030074e-08 1.591207173856017771e-04
1.997801835211931738e-03 -4.156657712632428962e-06 2.648426620219643604e-03 -1.329302842842789139e-04 -4.457257401140207729e-08 5.682333576145901953e-04
1.999690961886589624e-03 -1.955217894072916647e-04 -6.946158470527933476e-04 -1.798323156157682705e-04 2.276631907326255499e-07 8.747763597149907193e-04
-7.035727003852429310e-04 1.471815600429043306e-03 -5.678538239535645561e-04 6.117313388152665482e-04 -1.922838101944327160e-08 1.486354662711140203e-04

LiTrack¶

LiTrack particles must be at the same z:

In [30]:

P.drift_to_z()

P.drift_to_z()

In [31]:

P.write_litrack("litrack.zd", verbose=True)

P.write_litrack("litrack.zd", verbose=True)

Using mean_p as the reference momentum: 441.52466167250947 eV/c
writing 10000 LiTrack particles to litrack.zd

Out[31]:

'litrack.zd'

In [32]:

!head -n 20 litrack.zd

!head -n 20 litrack.zd

% LiTrack particles
%
% Created using the openPMD-beamphysics Python package
% https://github.com/ChristopherMayes/openPMD-beamphysics
%
% species: electron
% n_particle: 10000
% total charge: 1.0000000000000003e-11 (C)
% reference momentum p0: 441.52466167250947 (eV/c)
%
% Columns: ct, delta = p/p0 -1
% Units: mm, percent
 -2.910140500388e-01   1.222356070583e+00
  3.861082943987e-01   4.105966931910e+01
  1.159491741202e-01  -4.315583986424e+01
  5.750254785583e-01   3.325339997689e+01
  5.234406211768e-02  -4.756793241308e+01
  4.093643740668e-01  -4.942448528425e+01
  8.211012905157e-02  -3.245820052454e+01
 -2.559578717432e-01   5.807578013130e+00

Lucretia¶

In [33]:

P.write_lucretia(
    "lucretia.mat", ele_name="BEGINNING", t_ref=0, stop_ix=None, verbose=True
)

P.write_lucretia( "lucretia.mat", ele_name="BEGINNING", t_ref=0, stop_ix=None, verbose=True )

writing 10000 particles in the Lucretia format to lucretia.mat

Read back:

In [34]:

from pmd_beamphysics.interfaces.lucretia import lucretia_to_data, list_element_names

ParticleGroup(data=lucretia_to_data("lucretia.mat", verbose=True))

from pmd_beamphysics.interfaces.lucretia import lucretia_to_data, list_element_names ParticleGroup(data=lucretia_to_data("lucretia.mat", verbose=True))

1 elements found in the file!
10000 particles detected, 0 found dead!

Out[34]:

<ParticleGroup with 10000 particles at 0x7f542f69ef20>

Helper function to list the available elements:

In [35]:

list_element_names("lucretia.mat")

list_element_names("lucretia.mat")

Out[35]:

['BEGINNING']

OPAL¶

Injected particled must be at the same time:

In [36]:

P.drift_to_t()

P.write_opal("opal_injected.txt", dist_type="injected")

P.drift_to_t() P.write_opal("opal_injected.txt", dist_type="injected")

In [37]:

!head opal_injected.txt

!head opal_injected.txt

10000
 -1.185024568260e-03  -5.962917646539e-04  -2.101534254983e-03  -5.947844744119e-04   6.454729863911e-08   2.357954837618e-04
 -5.185658620175e-04   1.081304810831e-03  -2.178543721298e-03   4.729410651486e-04  -1.224655448770e-07   3.043301854978e-04
 -1.773443497464e-03  -4.356182625855e-04   2.864977130676e-03   1.849365458795e-05  -3.016548099423e-08   2.261204109505e-04
  1.686773833925e-03  -3.701949875665e-04  -2.401608368896e-04   9.509897724358e-05  -6.396180367454e-07   1.086073040366e-03
 -7.779549245968e-04   1.314315604491e-04  -6.799773256079e-04  -4.039485795855e-04  -1.129841753741e-08   1.574553206125e-04
 -2.593689987198e-03  -2.848642647957e-05  -2.301204548304e-03   4.059959327305e-04  -6.821651066751e-08   1.591207173856e-04
  1.997801911791e-03  -4.156657712632e-06   2.648429069209e-03  -1.329302842843e-04  -5.504120158406e-08   5.682333576146e-04
  1.999694564006e-03  -1.955217894073e-04  -6.946125339825e-04  -1.798323156158e-04   2.115470906675e-07   8.747763597150e-04
 -7.035998157808e-04   1.471815600429e-03  -5.678650939369e-04   6.117313388153e-04  -2.196670602435e-08   1.486354662711e-04

Emitted particles must be at the same z:

In [38]:

P.drift_to_z(P["mean_z"])
P.write_opal("opal_emitted.txt", dist_type="emitted")

P.drift_to_z(P["mean_z"]) P.write_opal("opal_emitted.txt", dist_type="emitted")

In [39]:

!head opal_emitted.txt

!head opal_emitted.txt

10000
 -1.184838617375e-03  -5.962917646539e-04  -2.101348774139e-03  -5.947844744119e-04  -1.083461177889e-12   2.357954837618e-04
 -5.181626563723e-04   1.081304810831e-03  -2.178367367225e-03   4.729410651486e-04   1.200565320731e-12   3.043301854978e-04
 -1.773484302458e-03  -4.356182625855e-04   2.864978863003e-03   1.849365458795e-05   2.691980940714e-13   2.261204109505e-04
  1.686558878409e-03  -3.701949875665e-04  -2.401056172069e-04   9.509897724358e-05   1.893601130019e-12   1.086073040366e-03
 -7.779529930790e-04   1.314315604491e-04  -6.799832620349e-04  -4.039485795855e-04   5.764311716727e-15   1.574553206125e-04
 -2.593700591157e-03  -2.848642647957e-05  -2.301053417928e-03   4.059959327305e-04   1.198422972634e-12   1.591207173856e-04
  1.997801574883e-03  -4.156657712632e-06   2.648418294875e-03  -1.329302842843e-04   2.271058970013e-13   5.682333576146e-04
  1.999743855144e-03  -1.955217894073e-04  -6.945671981683e-04  -1.798323156158e-04  -8.841733180528e-13   8.747763597150e-04
 -7.034712631509e-04   1.471815600429e-03  -5.678116635531e-04   6.117313388153e-04   2.480886363183e-13   1.486354662711e-04

SIMION¶

Write SIMION input files (*.ion)

In [40]:

P.write_simion("simion_particles.ion")

P.write_simion("simion_particles.ion")

Cleanup¶

In [41]:

for file in [
    "astra_particles.txt",
    "bmad_particles.txt",
    "elegant_particles.txt",
    "gpt_particles.txt",
    "impact_particles.txt",
    "opal_injected.txt",
    "opal_emitted.txt",
    "openpmd_particles.h5",
    "genesis4_beam.h5",
    "genesis4_distribution.h5",
    "genesis2.beam",
    "litrack.zd",
    "gpt_particles.gdf",
    "lucretia.mat",
    "simion_particles.ion",
]:
    if os.path.exists(file):
        os.remove(file)

for file in [ "astra_particles.txt", "bmad_particles.txt", "elegant_particles.txt", "gpt_particles.txt", "impact_particles.txt", "opal_injected.txt", "opal_emitted.txt", "openpmd_particles.h5", "genesis4_beam.h5", "genesis4_distribution.h5", "genesis2.beam", "litrack.zd", "gpt_particles.gdf", "lucretia.mat", "simion_particles.ion", ]: if os.path.exists(file): os.remove(file)